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doi:10.1007/s40256-023-00583-8 Bittner V

At present, PD therapeutic options are mainly symptomatic, for e.g., dopamine replacement and agonists, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors, anti-cholinergic drugs, and amantadine are standard symptomatic treatments for motor symptoms, however, none of these therapies either cures or prevents consistent neurodegeneration

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithms, such as those validated in 2023, shows higher sensitivity for detecting NPDR due to more pronounced microvascular lesions (99, 100)

Current limitations include the complexity of the mechanisms of action, which makes it difficult to identify predictive biomarkers of response, the lack of detailed pharmacokinetic data for synthetic TB-500, and the difficulty of translating effective doses from animal models to humans

The presence of thiol groups in ALA accounts for its metal-chelating abilities [66]

A subsequent study also found an inverse association between HDL efflux capacity and atherosclerosis, but reported a positive link to cardiovascular events (752)