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For example, HUVEC cells treated with 10100 M of TMAO for 24 h did not result in any changes in cell viability [56]

Changing eating behavior is an effective approach Choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine are the precursors of TMA and are found in high levels in the daily diet, especially in red meat (142)

In different physiological or pathological states, cells may choose the most appropriate metabolic pathway according to the content of LCACs to produce energy most effectively to meet the energy demand of the heart [296]

These proteins play important roles in spermiogenesis, and their secretion by Sertoli cells is crucial for proper testicular function

Carnitine can help the heart adapt to the disease environment via metabolic reprogramming by regulating changes in oxidative metabolism, glycolysis and ATP production in the damaged myocardium [287]

Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the effect of the degree of coronary vessel disease on L-carnitine levels