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In addition, a change in environmental osmotic stress can cause tissue damage due to the production of free radicals (ROS) (Reference Li, Chen and Zeng9)

Preferential transport of glutathione versus glutathione disulfide in rat liver microsomal vesicles, J Biol Chem, 274, 1221312216 Bellomo G, Palladini G, Vairetti M (1997) Intranuclear distribution, function and fate of glutathione and glutathione-S-conjugate in living rat hepatocytes studied by fluorescence microscopy

doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioab067 134 GaytanFGarcia-GalianoDDorfmanMDManfredi-LozanoMCastellanoJMDissenGAet al

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For example, in a recent randomized, cross-over intervention, administration of PEITC (40 mg/day for five days) caused a modest, yet significant, 7.7% reduction in the metabolic activation of the tobacco-specific lung carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, in cigarette smokers (60)