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In 2014, the Royal College of Physicians published a statement that suggested they were an effective and affordable alternative to conventional cigarettes and could make harm reduction a reality for smokers. The American Lung Association heralded the news as a long-awaited step to protect public health. At last the Food and Drug Administration will have basic authority to make science-based decisions that will protect our nations youth and the public health from all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars and hookah, Harold Wimmer, president and CEO of the association, said in a statement

But anti-smoking campaigns had to deal with a similar problem

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A sizable literature of peer-reviewed academic studies supports these observations.[11] A 2017 study published in Public Finance Review provides the academic theory and estimates for how tax rates affect smuggling, highlighting that easily transportable goods (e.g., cigarettes) will be attractive cross-border shopping items.[12] A 2018 study published in the same journal supported those findings by examining littered packs of cigarettes across 132 communities in 38 states, finding that 21 percent of packs did not have proper local stamps.[13] Smuggling comes in different forms

There is no requirement in place to hold manufacturers accountable for the post-consumer waste they helped produce or to devise a clear and safe system to dispose of these items as hazardous materials or e-waste