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Figure 5 Inflammation leads to muscle proteolysis by affecting elevated levels of TNF-, IL-6, IL-1, and CRP and inhibits protein synthesis through activation of the NF-B and ubiquitinproteasome pathways, which affects the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes in muscle, resulting in sarcopenia ( Previous studies have suggested that oxidative stress may be associated with frailty by affecting RNA oxidation, absolute telomere length shortening, increased markers of oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction and it was also found that the deleterious effects of both oxidative stress and frailty increase linearly with aging (185, 186)

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