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Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009;47:10111 Carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity [92] Silva MF, Aires CC, Luis PB, Ruiter JP, et al

J Physiol

Alterations in acylcarnitine metabolism in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid tissue, especially decreased concentrations of short-chain or medium-chain odd-numbered acylcarnitine, may play a key role in accelerating the development of choroidal neovascularization and age-related macular degeneration [316]

Concentrations were calculated based on relative spiked IS amount, with data normalized across runs using the quality control sample that was run along with each batch

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Studies reveal that TMAO promotes macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype, characterized by enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and amplified antigen-presenting capacity