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Abbreviations Bya Billion years ago CAT Catalase C P Peroxidatic cysteine C R Resolving cysteine DAMPs Damage associated molecular patterns DASP Deacon active site profiler ER Endoplasmic reticulum ERO1 ER oxidoreductase 1 GOE Great oxidation event GPX Glutathione peroxidase GSH Glutathione H 2 O 2 Hydrogen peroxide LCAA Last common animal ancestor O 2 - Superoxide anion radical PDI Protein disulfide isomerase PRX Peroxiredoxin ROS Reactive oxygen species SRX Sulfiredoxin Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made

Detoxifies the liver: The liver relies on glutathione to convert toxins into water-soluble substances that can be safely eliminated from the body

Autophagy and functional lysosomes probably contribute to ferroptosis through the provision of iron 50

GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide) is a cosmetic compound studied for its potential to support visible scalp health and hydration

2021R01012), and Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory project (JNL-2022050B) for YZ

YK provided critical revisions and final approval and had overall responsibility for the article