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revealed that a high level of glucose-mediated accumulation of ROS leads to auxin degradation through its oxidation, which adversely affects the root meristematic activity and eventually inhibits root growth via the conserved autophagic path [58]

First, further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms through which astaxanthin modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling, particularly the interplay between ROS handling, AMPKSirtuinPGC-1 activation, and downstream inflammatory pathways

Therefore, the maintenance of physiological GSH levels is crucial to protect cells from harmful molecules [1]

Exogenous MeJA spraying enhanced the tolerance of spinach to Cd, mainly because the increase in POD, SOD and CAT activity in response to oxidative stress alleviated the production of ROS, which in turn reduced the production of MDA, proline, and soluble protein in Cd-stressed plants 40 , thereby improving photosynthetic pigments and PSII efficiency 20

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Liepold T., Klafki H

The mPFC, consisting of the prelimbic and infralimbic subregions, and the dorsal and ventral CA1 subregions of the hippocampus (dCA1 and vCA1, respectively), were removed bilaterally using 0.5 mm punches [89]