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Individuals with cardiovascular conditions or stimulant sensitivity should seek medical guidance before using high-caffeine products

Bloodbrain barrier (BBB) is mostly impermeable to the ionic form but about 5 times more permeable to the gaseous form, NH 3

Degradation of oxidized proteins by the proteasome: distinguishing between the 20S, 26S, and immunoproteasome proteolytic pathways

l-Carnitine, a nutrient found primarily in red meat, was recently reported to be metabolized by gut microbiota to form TMA via the 2-component Rieske-type l-carnitine oxygenase CntA/B (25, 26), which requires molecular oxygen for activity

Cell Signal 14: 285295, 2002

The GLP-1R, present in glutamatergic neurons in hypothalamic nuclei such as the arcuate nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), contributes to the increased hepatic FGF21 most likely via direct autonomic nervous system circuits from the brain to the liver