l carnitine safety in pregnancy Frontiers Carnitine Deficiency and Pregnancy -

Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance

Effect of naftidrofuryl oxalate on 5-HT2 receptors in mouse brain: Evaluation based on quantitative autoradiography and head-twitch response

Propionyl-L-Carnitine is metabolized into propionyl coenzyme A and L-carnitine in the mitochondria

However, a recent randomized controlled study with 21 infertile men showed that a daily intake of 3000 mg of carnitine over a period of 24 weeks could not achieve an increase in sperm motility or the total number of motile sperm as compared to placebos

doi:10.1159/000490284 Spiegel R, Kalla R, Mantokoudis G, et al

The primary difference lies in their chemical form and physical properties