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Among these classes, only six have been functionally characterized in plants (Figure 3)

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KPV exerts anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms involving melanocortin receptor signaling and modulation of inflammatory mediator production

mTOR exists in two distinct signaling complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2: (1) mTORC1 integrates nutrient and growth factor signals to facilitate anabolic pathways like protein and lipid synthesis, while also inhibiting catabolic pathways such as lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy

found that copper supplementation in middle-aged individuals enhanced the antioxidative capacity of cells, which may help prevent vascular damage and thus reduce the risk of atherosclerosis [57]