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Annu Rev Biomed Eng 20:277300

Reverse electron transport (RET) drives electrons from complex II to I via CoQ, reducing NAD + to NADH and increasing NADH/NAD + ratios (Kowalczyk et al., 2021)

its findings are preliminary and the original authors themselves flagged the need for further peer-reviewed confirmation[14] Industry/company clinical reports some frequently cited dermatological data (e.g., Neova/Procyte-sponsored reports) come from manufacturer-commissioned studies rather than independent peer-reviewed journals, which doesn't invalidate the data but does warrant reading it with that context in mind[4] Keeping these tiers distinct matters for interpreting confidence in any specific claim below

10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00826.x 165 Salime PelinE.MuratB.MatemT

The injectable route is the only reliable method for this particular combination

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 471475