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Other mechanisms of acetylcarnitine action Acetylcarnitine has been suggested to protect against oxidative stress through the induction of antioxidant genes and an increase in HO-1 (heme oxygenase 1) expression in vitro and in vivo [17, 18]

The causal relationship was evaluated by multiplicative random effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, and further verified by another three MR methods including MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode, as well as extensive sensitivity analyses

doi: 10.1262/jrd.50.215

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Only one study (172) observed negative correlations of serum and seminal plasma Se levels with sperm count and viability, respectively, but still a positive correlation of seminal plasma Se levels with sperm motility, while two studies observed no correlation (194, 195)