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It provides that essential layer of safety and stability for multi-dose protocols, protecting both the researcher and the integrity of the experiment

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In hyperglycemia, excess glucose overwhelms several metabolic pathways, including the polyol and hexosamine pathways, generating harmful byproducts and ROS that damage neurons

Glutathione is a key component in many bodily processes because the body can make it, unlike most other antioxidants from food

Abbreviations AA: Arachidonic acid ACSL4: Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 ADA: Adrenic acid ALOX: Arachidonate lipoxygenase ARE: Antioxidant response element BBB: Bloodbrain barrier BCP: -Caryophyllene BH 4 : Tetrahydrobiopterin CIRT: Cytoplasmic Intron-sequence Retaining Transcripts CISD2: CDGSH iron-sulfur domain 2 CNS: Central nervous system CoQ 10 : Coenzyme Q 10 Cys: Cysteine DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid DMT1: Divalent metal transporter 1 EE: Enriched environment FPN: Ferroportin FSP1: Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 FT: Ferritin FTH1: Ferritin heavy chain 1 FTL1: Ferritin light chain 1 GCH1: Cyclohydrolase 1 Gln: Glutamine Glu: Glutamate Gly: Glycine GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4 GSH: Glutathione GSSG: Oxidized glutathione HID: High iron diet H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 HO: Hydroxyl radical HS: Hemorrhagic stroke IKE: Imidazole ketone erastin IREs: Iron response elements IRI: Ischemiareperfusion injury IRPs: Iron regulatory proteins IS: Ischemic stroke Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LOX: Lipoxygenase LPCAT3: Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 LPO: Lipid peroxidation LTF: Lactotransferrin MCAO: Middle cerebral artery occlusion NCOA4: Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 NDGA: Nordihydroguaiaretic acid NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate Nrf2: Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 OGD: Oxygen glucose deprivation PCD: Programmed cell death PEs: Phosphatidylethanolamines PIO: Pioglitazone PPAR: Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid PUFA-PEs: PUFA-containing phospholipids ROS: Reactive oxygen species ROSI: Rosiglitazone RTA: Radical-trapping antioxidant SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage Se: Selenium Ser: Serine SMP1: Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharide 1 SODs: Superoxide dismutases Sp1: Specific protein 1 STEAT3: Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3 TF: Transferrin TFR1: Transferrin receptor 1 TRO: Troglitazone TZDs: Thiazolidinediones -GCS: -Glutamyl cysteine synthetase References Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G et al (2021) Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: from molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics

NMR measurement Proton and two-dimensional pfgCOSY as well as pfgTOCSY were measured for standards and samples on an ECX 400 Jeol NMR equipped with a pulse-field gradient autotune 40TH5AT/FG broadband high-sensitivity probe