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In addition, we summarize the drivers of accelerated immunosenescence in PWH, including amplification of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) arising from persistent low-grade inflammation and immune activation, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction jointly induced by HIV proteins (e.g., Vpr) and specific antiretroviral regimens (Fig

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This assessment helps determine if the combination is appropriate and safe based on medical history, current medications, and lifestyle factors

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During the early phase of infection, IAV preferentially induces non-lytic or weakly inflammatory processes, such as apoptosis and autophagy-associated pathways, thereby supporting viral replication and assembly while limiting premature inflammatory responses

10.4103/1673-5374.211172 24 CervelliniI.GalinoJ.ZhuN.AllenS.BirchmeierC.BennettD