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Prepping for an Intramuscular Shot An intramuscular (IM) injection delivers vitamin B12 directly into a muscle, usually in the upper arm, thigh, or upper buttocks

Thus, DnaA plays an analogous role to the multi-component Origin Recognition Complex in eukaryotes: loading essential helicases to actually initiate DNA synthesis

Usually, B12 is absorbed in the stomach with the help of an intrinsic factor protein

The KEAP1Nrf2ARE signaling pathway plays a significant role in protecting cells from oxidative stress

Well-documented adult consequences of B12 deficiency include pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, peripheral neuropathy neuropsychiatric syndromes and subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord [2,3,4]