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As well as activating SIRT1, BBR is also able to decrease FOXO1 acetylation, triggering anti-apoptotic signaling pathways via Bcl-2 expression, and Bax and caspase-3 downregulation (Yu et al., 2016)

Edenberg H

Abstract Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant low-molecular-mass thiol within cells and one of the major antioxidant compounds in body fluids

Biochemical reports also demonstrated that enhanced oxidative stress, dysregulated apoptosis, and extensive inflammatory reactions mediated by overexpressed inflammatory factors [such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)] were served as the underlying mechanisms for the occurrence of various CSD-relevant diseases (810)

Each peptide targets a narrow biological pathway

Betzer O, Shilo M, Opochinsky R, Barnoy E, Motiei M, Okun E, et al