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Kynurenine, a metabolite of tryptophan, upregulates T-cell PD-1 levels by inducing and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), while AhR upregulates transporters to promote T cells to uptake kynurenine, forming a positive feedback loop and inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses (Liu et al., 2018)

Zorrilla-Vaca A, Rice D, Brown JK, Antonoff M, Sepesi B, Hofstetter W, Swisher S, Walsh G, Vaporciyan A, Mehran R, Hagberg C, Mena GE

doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.22594

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However, as with any supplement, potential side effects and safety considerations exist, particularly for individuals with pre-existing health conditions

Every major mechanism differs