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10.1186/s10194-023-01631-z37460968 11 Botfield HF, Uldall MS, Westgate CSJ, et al

Abbreviations: Pla2g6/Phospholipase A2, group VI knockout (a genetic modification where the Pla2g6 gene is knocked out), PASPeriodic Acid-Schiff stain (a staining method used to detect glycogen and other carbohydrates), CD68Cluster of differentiation 68 (a marker for macrophages and monocytes), NeuNNeuronal Nuclei (a neuron-specific nuclear protein), GFAPglial fibrillary acidic protein (a marker for astrocytes), Iba-1Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (a marker for microglia), RIP1Receptor-interacting protein 1, RIP3rRceptor-interacting protein 3, -actinBeta-actin (a cytoskeletal protein often used as a loading control in Western blots), PCRPolymerase chain reaction, GLP-1R geneGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor gene, ATF-3activating transcription Factor 3, BCl2B-cell lymphoma 2 (anti-apoptotic protein), BClxLB-cell lymphoma-extra large (anti-apoptotic protein), BaxBcl-2-associated X protein (pro-apoptotic protein), MPTP1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (a neurotoxin), THTyrosine Hydroxylase (an enzyme involved in dopamine synthesis), 4-HNE4-Hydroxynonenal (a marker of oxidative stress), ATC7Autophagy-related gene 7 (part of the autophagy process), LC2Light chain 2 (part of the autophagy process), Beclin1Bcl-2-interacting myosin-like coiled-coil protein 1, SQSTM1Sequestosome-1 (also known as P62, a protein involved in autophagy), P62Sequestosome-1, -SynAlpha-synuclein (a protein associated with neurodegenerative disorders), LC3Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (part of the autophagy process), GDNFGlial cell-derived neurotrophic Factor, 6-OHDA6-Hydroxydopamine (a neurotoxin), DADopamine, TNF-Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1Interleukin-1 beta, IRS-1Insulin receptor substrate 1, IRS-1(phospho-S312)Phosphorylated form of IRS-1 at serine 312, GAPDHGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (a common housekeeping gene used as a loading control in experiments), DA5-CHDopamine-5,6-chlorohydroxydihydroxyphenylalanine, ATG7Autophagy-related gene 7, LC3IIMicrotubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (processed form), LC3IMicrotubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 isoform I, ROSReactive oxygen species

A 5 mg to 10 mg dose injected prior to exercise is standard for maximizing this metabolic adaptation

Brand-name GLP-1 medications such as Wegovy or Mounjaro are effective, but their prices often place them far beyond reach for the average adult

Avoid acidic foods, and book a dental check-up right away

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82 (1 Suppl), 230S235S