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As age was modeled continuously, we displayed estimates for six specific ages (18-, 25-, 35-, 45-, 55-, and 65-year-olds) to illustrate how trends differ across ages

Conversely, nicotine may exert paradoxical inhibitory effects by activating immune pathways and inducing apoptosis, such as through stimulation of immature dendritic cells via PI3K/Akt signaling and modulation of caspase-3 and Cyclin B1 expression through 7-nAChR signaling [36]

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The pattern in our results is generally similar to Wasserman et al

Tob Induc Dis 2025;23:1-11

Long-term cigarette use can cause significant damage to the body that can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema