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23 Waalen J

Comparison of the programme funding shows that the 2018/2019 budget allocated to the NTCP equates to US$0.009 per capita (US$8.8 million/911.6 million adults aged 15)8 35 which is two times above the WHO estimated tobacco control expenditure among low-income countries (US$0.0004), but this is only one-third of the amount spent by middle-income countries (US$0.03 per capita) and below 1% of those spent by high-income countries (US$1.26 per capita).36 Furthermore, the consumption of cigarettes per capita dropped by 12% following the implementation of Massachusetts comprehensive tobacco control programme and 4% annually thereafter.34 Californias comprehensive tobacco control programme implemented in 1989 was associated with 1.52 times faster decline in cigarette consumption per capita during 19891993.32 33 However, the rate of decline slowed during 19941996, probably due to a combination of reduced programme funding and aggressive tobacco industry tactics.32 The association between expenditures on tobacco control programmes and reduction in smoking prevalence has been demonstrated in a US study, indicating that doubling of funding can potentially reduce smoking prevalence by 1% to 1.7%.37 Robust evaluation of tobacco control programmes in LMIC settings is sparse

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Data availability Data sharing is not applicable to this article References Hoffmann D, Djordjevic MV, Fan J, Zang E, Glynn T, Connolly GN
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