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Studies show that animals face health risks when exposed to cigarette smoke

According to brain scans, these gains were accompanied by significant physical changes in brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, hippocampus (memory), and increased connectively with other important brain regions related to cognition and mental performance

Therefore, cigarette smoke may alter the interaction between intestinal mucosa and microbiota through several mechanisms, including the effects mentioned above in autophagy and UPR (19) (Figure 1)