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Similar to other flavor additives, menthol has been shown to reduce vascular endothelial function by impairing nitric oxide bioavailability and increasing inflammation in aortic endothelial cells, with higher concentrations resulting in a comparable proinflammatory state as other flavors such as cinnamon and eugenol (clover) [60]

Flavoured products are especially likely to be ingested in large amounts

Patterns and Characteristics of Nicotine Dependence Among Adults With Cigarette Use in the US, 2006-2019

Smokers cough, a persistent condition in long-term smokers, is characterised by a morning cough due to lung damage from inhaled smoke

Decreasing COX levels can increase risk of stomach irritation

Researchers say the study highlights the risks to children and teenagers from smoking and shows how rapidly the effects of tobacco can be seen