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Interestingly, ROS levels assessed 48 h post-exposure to CS using the DCFDA/H2DCFDA assay displayed a significant increase in the CS-exposed cells compared to CTRL samples (Fig

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The dependence becomes an abuse when users find it hard to stop despite significant net additional harm arising from the method of delivery, primarily smoking

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Intravenous prenatal nicotine exposure alters METH-induced hyperactivity, conditioned hyperactivity, and BDNF in adult rat offspring