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This practice was quickly adopted by other kretek companies and continued up until mid-20th century, when companies began to hire their own employees as a way of ensuring quality and loyalty

Research in the Cloud Textbook, forthcoming with Cambridge University Press Building a Causal Case: How Scientists Showed that Smoking Kills Without Conducting an Experiment In this post: Why scientists could never run the experiment needed to definitively prove smoking causes cancer and how they built an airtight case anyway How the tobacco industry exploited the limits of correlational research to sow public doubt for decades What causal inference actually is and the five strategies researchers use to build a cause-and-effect case when experiments arent possible How ruling out alternative explanations one by one can be almost as powerful as a controlled experiment If youre under thirty, heres something that might be hard to imagine: people used to smoke, everywhere