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In terms of therapeutic target validation, although treatment strategies based on programmed cell death provide new research directions for COPD treatment, many potential therapeutic targets are still in the basic research stage, and their effectiveness and safety in preclinical studies have not been fully validated (304)

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Abbreviations COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease EMT: Epithelialmesenchymal transition TGF-: Transforming growth factor- CS: Cigarette smoke CSE: Cigarette smoke extract DAMP: Damage-associated molecular patterns PAMPS: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns ROS: Reactive oxygen species TLRs: Tolllike receptors NLRs: NODlike receptors RNS: Reactive nitric oxide ER: Endoplasmic reticulum UPR: Unfolded protein response FSP1: Fibroblast specific protein 1 2M: 2-Microglobulin MHC I: Major histocompatibility complex TGF-: Transforming growth factor- NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kappa B NAC: N -Acetylcysteine SABA: Short-acting Beta2-agonists LABA: Long-acting Beta2-agonists SAMAs: Short-acting antimuscarinics LAMAs: Long-acting muscarinic antagonists ICS: Inhaled corticosteroids PDE4: Phosphodiesterase-4 uPA: Urokinase-type plasminogen activators uPAR: Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor ADSC: Adipose-derived stem cell ADSC-CM: Adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium References Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2022 report

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