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Furthermore, studies using diet-induced models of MASLD have shown that e-cigarette exposure exacerbates preexisting liver injury, worsening steatohepatitis through amplified oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory responses [134]

With smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouches, dentists often see more localized problems

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There is evidence that some systems that are compromised during longer-term tobacco exposure recover after smoking cessation (Mamede Reference Malone, Harrison and Daker-White2007)