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Description

Dulaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1RA used for T2DM with demonstrated cardiovascular benefits.[10] Liraglutide, another long-acting GLP-1RA, is used for T2DM and obesity management and is under investigation for Alzheimers disease and metabolic-associated hepatic steatosis.[4] Lixisenatide, a short-acting GLP-1RA, shows comparable efficacy to exenatide and liraglutide for T2DM management, and is now combined with insulin glargine.[23] Semaglutide, available in injectable and oral forms, has demonstrated benefits in promoting weight loss, reducing risk of cardiovascular events, and slowing progression of diabetic CKD.[24] Finally, tirzepatide is a dual agonist for receptors of GLP and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), a hormone released from the intestines in response to macronutrients.[25] These two mechanisms of action have synergistic glucose-lowering and weight loss effects with lower side effect rates than other GLP-1RAs.[25] Tirzepatide has also been shown to result in blood pressure reduction, obstructive sleep apnea control, and improved cholesterol in T2DM patients.[5] Table

Appropriate ophthalmological monitoring should be considered

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People with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma, or those with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2, should not use them