gip and glp-1 pathways Gastrointestinal Incretins—Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) beyond Pleiotropic Physiological Effects Are Involved in Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease—State of the Art GLP-1R Signaling | Encyclopedia MDPI

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Collectively, these results highlight the role of vagal afferents in mediating the metabolic and appetite-regulating effects of peripheral GLP-1, thereby linking gut-derived signals to central regulatory circuits

The hypothalamus receives signals to enhance food intake through the AMPK pathway, which also inhibits insulin release from pancreatic -cells

However, in the hypoglycaemic GB patients, GLP-1 appeared to account for about 45% of increased insulin secretion, not much more than in the non-hypoglycemic surgical subjects

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