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GLP-1R activation has been shown to downregulate proapoptotic proteins such as caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, and Bcl-2

More encouragingly, a phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT) of lixisenatide ( n = 156) reported slower motor decline over 12 months (159), while liraglutide improved nonmotor symptoms but not motor endpoints (160)

These factors should inform provider discussions, not replace medical judgment

Importantly, many of these challenges are now tractable using contemporary approaches to peptide engineering, receptor biology, and translational trial design

doi: 10.1124/pr.55.1.6 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 79.Korner M, Stockli M, Waser B, Reubi JC