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[40] In another study, proanthocyanidins upregulated liver concentrations of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), [41] which profoundly benefits mitochondrial health and upregulates a pro-metabolic gene called sirtuin 1

The peptide is naturally produced by the body, which suggests a favorable safety profile, but exogenous administration at supraphysiological doses may carry unknown risks

Usually, people start with a low dose to reduce possible side effects, and then slowly increase the dose over time

Research note: A 2025 literature and patent review catalogued BPC-157's multifunctional activity across gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular preclinical models

10.1007/s40261-022-01202-1 37 ZhangL.MaoW.LiuD.LiX.HuJ.RanJ.et al (2023)