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Whilst such trials are required to ensure medically appropriate adoption of the drug class in HF, they are also strongly warranted considering the current scarcity of pharmacotherapeutic options in HF (especially HFpEF), which remains one of the CVDs with markedly unaddressed medical needs

E., Holst, J

Graphical abstract Similar content being viewed by others Introduction Tirzepatide (LY3298176) is the first peptide dual agonist for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which targets both GIPR and GLP1R
However, about 11% of those with T2DM did not respond even to the highest dose of tirzepatide [53-55]

Furthermore, GLP-1RAs exhibit antiproliferative effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and anti-inflammatory actions on macrophages, contributing to the prevention of atherosclerosis development and progression
Regulatory Frameworks and Supply Dynamics: In December 2025, the FDA approved the first oral GLP-1 for weight loss-Novo Nordisk's once-daily semaglutide pill, which launched in January 2026, significantly expanding accessibility for patients averse to injections [3]