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Where Injected GLP-1 Therapies Still Lead Weekly injections such as Wegovy and Mounjaro remain ahead in: Higher average long-term weight-loss percentages More established long-term safety data Real-world evidence across large patient populations Because injections have been studied for over a decade, they currently hold the strongest clinical outcomes in obesity care

The pathways include inflammation, vascular damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, the effects of insulin resistance (IR) on metabolism in the brain, the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and the aggregation of pathological proteins such as A and -synuclein [12]

Quantification of the contribution of GLP-1 to mediating insulinotropic effects of DPP-4 inhibition with vildagliptin in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes using exendin [939] as a GLP-1 receptor antagonist

All DPP-4 inhibitors can be given in a standard dose without the need for dose titrations (10)

It is not clear whether there is an ethnic predisposition for diabetes-related gastro-enteropathies

X-FZ critically revised the manuscript