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Exendin-4 reverts behavioural and neurochemical dysfunction in a pre-motor rodent model of Parkinson's disease with noradrenergic deficit

Oral obesity treatments have the ability to solve several issues by delivering a familiar format of drug delivery that will fit well into the model of primary-care-based, retail-based, and tele-health led management of obesity patients

Their anti-inflammatory action is essential, since low-grade inflammation is a key factor in the perpetuation of cardiovascular damage in patients with HFpEF, especially in the presence of obesity

According to Shed's Terms, brand-name drugs may be purchased via third-party pharmacies, including LillyDirect or NovoCare, after provider approval

They can reduce levels of inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6).100,101 This positively impacts various pathophysiological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.100102 In addition, inflammatory cytokines are reportedly involved in CYP gene expression, with the reduced cytokine levels-mediated by GLP-1 RA administration may alter CYP gene expression, potentially leading to changes in the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs (Figure 3).213 Finally, cardiovascular outcome trials have demonstrated that GLP-1 RAs offer beneficial effects on kidney function in type 2 diabetes and decrease the risk of major adverse kidney events in patients with type 2 diabetes and acute kidney disease.99,214 These renoprotective effects are expected to be driven by both direct and indirect mechanisms including reducing albuminuria, reducing inflammation, natriuresis and diuresis induction, and antioxidative effects.215 Moreover, GLP-1 RA treatment reportedly increased renal plasma flow and GFR in rats, leading to natriuresis and diuresis.216 It is known that changes in GFR can affect the elimination of many drugs including narrow therapeutic index drugs (aminoglycosides, lithium, digoxin), diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.217221 Therefore, pharmacokinetic changes in drugs mediated by increased GFR and renal plasma flow following GLP-1 RA administration may occur, and the impact of its mechanism of action need to be investigated in the future

According to Gallup, the use of GLP-1 drugs has more than doubled since early 2024