impact of glp 1 Long-Term Effects GLP-1 Medications: What You Should Know Is GLP-1 the Same as

Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2, Bcl-XL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large, cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CREB: cAMP-response element-binding protein, FoxO1/O3: forkhead box transcription factor 1/3, GLP1R: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase-3, LTP: long-term potentiation, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-B: nuclear factor kappa B, PD: Parkinsons disease, PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PKA: protein kinase A

doi: 10.1186/s12929-017-0379-z [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 68

According to Sarwer and Maccarone, scientists believe these shifts in mood are caused by how the drug changes the brain's central reward pathways by diminishing responses to the neurotransmitter dopamine

Only 4-7% of participants in SURMOUNT-1 and 2 discontinued the medication due to AE (Tables 2, 3)

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In observational studies, diabetic patients taking GLP-1 agonists showed modest improvements in inflammatory markers and, in some cases, reduced joint disease activity