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This, in turn, can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, and increased cellular oxidative stress [140, 141]

Glutathione biosynthesis is facilitated by a rate-limiting enzyme, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), which consists of a catalytic subunit (GCLC) and a modifier subunit (GCLM)

However, the therapeutic utility of doxorubicin is undermined by its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, possibly arising as a result of futile redox cycling, with NADH dehydrogenase within the mitochondria proposed as the most likely site of anthracycline reduction 9,10

Coffey, J

doi: 10.1104/pp.110.153767 55 MhamdiA.NoctorG.BakerA

Therefore, this manuscript review summarizes the underlying pathophysiological pathways of oxidative stress in the development of NDs and explores the physiological role of the BBB