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Many vegans and vegetarians are deficient in vitamin B12, often in animal sources

It improves angiogenesis ( new blood vessel formation) which is crucial because tendons are notoriously poorly vascularized

The peptide prompts rapid activation of collateral vascular pathways, particularly the azygos vein system, enabling direct blood flow delivery that bypasses occluded vessels

The serotonergic system and anxiety

It is postulated that through these mechanisms, NAD+ repletion might improve cellular energy capacity and resistance to oxidative stress

BPC-157 exists in a regulatory category as a dietary supplement ingredient, meaning it can be legally sold for general wellness purposes but cannot be marketed to treat, cure, or prevent diseases