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The Italian translator Gerard of Cremona (1114-1187) erroneously defined the Arabic word mumiya as the substance found in the land where bodies were buried with aloes by which the liquid of the dead, mixed with aloes, is transformed, and it is similar to marine pitch. In his translation of the 12th-century Arab physician Serapion the Younger, Simon Geneunsis (died 1303) wrote, Mummia, this is the mummia of the sepulchres with aloes and myrrh mixed with the liquid (humidiate) of the human body. According to Matthaeus Platearius a teacher at the medical school in Salerno and author of the popular herbal manual Circa Instans Mummia is a spice found in the sepulchres of the dead That is best which is black, ill-smelling, shiny and massive. Over time, these mistakes were compounded, with people coming to think of mummia as not just the hardened secretions of the corpse or its residues of bitumen, but as the dried embalmed flesh of the whole cadaver

doi:10.1056/nejmra041184

S2CID 29063282

These are a major form of tomato hornworm control

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Smoking food at high temperatures for extended periods can lead to the loss of water-soluble vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin C and certain B vitamins