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Alpha-cell-specific expression of the glucagon gene is conferred to the glucagon promoter element by the interactions of DNA-binding proteins

Published in 2025, it was the first trial to directly compare tirzepatide (the active ingredient in both Mounjaro and Zepbound) against semaglutide (the active ingredient in Wegovy) in adults with obesity but without type 2 diabetes

Similar to GIP, the stimulatory effects of GLP-1 on insulin expression and secretion were observed in the presence of high (450 mg/dL) but not normal (99 mg/dL) concentrations of glucose in the cultured cells, indicating the glucose-dependent insulinotropic effect of GLP-1 (117)

doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.10260 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 63

comparing metformin, liraglutide, and combination therapy (metformin 1000 mg BID + liraglutide 1.2 mg/day), the latter, and not liraglutide 1.2 mg/day alone, was superior to metformin alone in reducing glucose levels at 120 min during OGTT [61]

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